INTRODUCTION:

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis commonly called as coral jasmine. It is also planted in Indian gardens for ornamental purpose due to its highly fragrant flowers. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis is a tree growing to 10m tall, with flaky grey bark. The leaves are simple, opposite, 6–12cm long and 2–6.5cm broad, with an entire margin. The flower are fragrant, with a five- to eight-lobed white corolla with an orange-red centre, they are produced in clusters of two to seven together, with individual flowers opening at dusk and finishing at dawn. Calyx is 6-8mm long, narrowly campanulate, hairy outside, glabrous inside truncate or obscurely toothed or lobed, ciliated. Corolla glabrous and is more than 13mm long; tube is 6-8 mm long, orange coloured, about equaling the limbs; lobes are white. The leaves are opposite, simple, 6–12 cm long and 2–6.5cm broad, with an entire margin.

The fruit is a flat brown heart-shaped to round capsule 2 cm diameter, with two sections each containing a single seed. These are long and broad, obcordate or nearly orbicular, compressed, 2-celled. Seeds are exalbuminous, testa is thick, and outer layer of large transparent cells is heavily vascularised¹.

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (Coral Jasmine) was introduced into many parts of the earth. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis is a species of Nyctanthes native to South Asia and South- East Asia and Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Burma. Also found in different parts of India, including Punjab, North West Himalayan region, western Uttar Pradesh¹.

Common Name of Nyctantes arbor-tristis:

The plant is also known as:

·	English	-	Coral Jasmine, Night-flowering Jasmine
·	Hindi	-	Harsingar
·	Sanskrit	-	Subaha, Nishipushpika, Prajakta or Prajakt
·	Manipuri	-	Singgarei
·	Assam	-	Shefali
·	Bengali	-	Shiuli
·	Kannada	-	Paarijaata
·	Telugu	-	Paarijaatham

Pharmacological activity of Nyctanthes arbor- tristis:

Nyctantes arbor-tristis possess many pharmacological activities are:

Anti-Diabetic Activity:

It was reported that the ethanol extract of stem bark of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis have anti-diabetic activity. The stem bark of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis possesses several bioactivities and it is also used in traditional medicinal systems. It concluded that the ethanolic extract of stem bark of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis possess safe and strong anti- diabetic activity².

Antimicrobial Activity:

It was investigated that the stem bark extracts of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (Oleaceae) have Antimicrobial Activity. The extracts of the plant were tested for their in vitro antimicrobial activity by the cup plate method. It was observed that the chloroform extract have both antibacterial and antifungal activity whereas the petroleum ether and ethanol extracts possess only antibacterial activity³.

Anxiolytic Activity:

It was reported that the Anxiolytic activity of leaf extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis in rats. Hydro alcoholic extract of leaves of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis was pharmacologically validated for its anxiolytic properties in animals. For this activity various models are used such as elevated zero maze, elevated plus maze, open field exploratory behavior, novelty induced suppressed feeding test and social interaction test. The extract treated animals showed increased social interaction in normal environment. It was observed that under above parameters extract showed positive anxiolytic activity⁴.

Phytochemical Content and Antimicrobial Activity:

It was observed that the analysis of the many phytochemical content and antimicrobial activity of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated on the many bacteria and fungi such as Gram positive bacteria- Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 3160), Gram negative- Escherichia coli (MTCC 1652) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 647) and fungi- Aspergillus niger (MTCC282), Aspergillus flavus (MTCC 2456), Fusarium culmorum (MTCC349) and Rhizopus stolonifer (MTCC 2591). The petroleum ether extract of the plant exhibited highest zone of inhibition against P. aeruginosa (20.3±0.92 mm). The Phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, tannins and saponins in the extract. In the present study it is indicate that Nyctanthes arbor-tristis possess compounds with antimicrobial properties that can be used for plant based antimicrobial agents⁵.

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis against Pathogenic Bacteria:

It was estimated that Nyctanthes arbor-tristis used against pathogenic bacteria. In this study the different solvent extracts of plant material showed antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microorganism. It was observed that the test plant material was susceptible to different microorganism⁶.

Antibacterial Activity:

It was observed that the plants such as Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, Nerium oleander and Catharathnus roseus have Antibacterial Activity. The antibacterial activity was performed by using both gram positive and gram negative organism such as B.subtilis and E.coli. The Phytochemical Screening was done of the selected plants. It was observed that Phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins and alkaloids were present in Nyctanthes arbor tristis. And Steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides and tannins were present in Nerium oleander. Alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, carbohydrates and anthraquinone glycosides were also present in Catharanthus roseus⁷.

Phytochemicals and Pharmacological Potential:

It was reported that the phytochemicals and the pharmacological potential of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis. Aim of the study is to focus on the potential phytochemicals and pharmacological activity of plant Nyctanthes arbor-tristis. The Various parts of the plant such as seeds, leaves, flowers, bark and fruits have been investigated for their significant phytochemicals.

The article reviews is an attempt to compile and documented information on different aspect of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, pharmacological properties and it is highlight the need for research and their potential development⁸.

Sciatica Management:

It was reported that the Multicenter Trial by Nyctanthes arbor-tristis on Sciatica Management. There are no as such drugs available for the treatment of Sciatica. Only analgesic drug in allopathic line of treatment is used to sub side the pain. But in Ayurvedic treatment many drugs and procedures are mentioned in ancient texts which are followed by experts. From such text a drug Nyctanthes arbor-tristis is used in Grudhrasi-sciatica. To prove that drug is efficient for treatment of sciatica a small trial for a short time has conducted by us at different clinics andp laces. This will be helpful for physician in treating the disease⁹.

Antioxidant Activity:

It was investigated that the supercritical fluid extraction and evaluation of the antioxidant activity of flavonoids from the leaves of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis. The aim of this work was to evaluate the supercritical fluid extraction of flavonoids from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis at different operational conditions and evaluate its in vitro free radical scavenging activity.

Supercritical fluid extraction exhibited promising antiradical effects in a concentration dependent manner. Linear regression analysis was used to calculate IC50 value. Results showed that, the extract exhibited significant DPPH radical scavenging activity¹⁰.

Naringenin, a Flavonone from the Stem of Plant:

It was studied that a flavonone (naringenin), from the stem of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis. Naringenin is reported to possess antiviral, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic activities¹¹.

Antiaggresive Activity:

It was reported that the Antiaggresive activity in fruits of plant Nyctanthes arbor-tristis. Hydro alcoholic extract of fruits of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis was pharmacologically validated for its antiaggresive properties in experimental animals by using various models such as Foot shockinduced aggression, Isolation-induced aggression, Resident-intruder aggression and Water competition test. Results suggested that alcoholic extract showed significant antiaggresive activity¹².

Hepatoprotective Activity:

It was reported that the evaluation of hepatoprotective activity in the leaves of Nyctanthes arbortristis.

The object of this study was to evaluate the alcoholic and aqueous extracts of the leaves of Nyctanthes arbor0tristis for hepatoprotective effect against galactosamine-induced liver damage in rats. It was observed that both the alcoholic and aqueous extracts showed significant hepatoprotective activity by reducing the elevated levels of biochemical parameters at a dose of 500mg/kg body weight¹³.

Study on the Effect of Different Parts of Plant on the Hematological Parameter:

It was reported the study on the effect of different parts such as flowers, seeds, leaves and bark of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis on the hematological parameters of mice. Hematological effect of the ethanolic extracts of the flowers, barks, seeds and leaves of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis were estimated at the dose levels of 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg body weight (I.P.), which were selected from the study of their LD50 value. From the study it was observed that the ethanolic extracts have antianemic, hematostatic effect and are hematologically nontoxic and the ethanolic extracts of the seeds and leaves at the dose of 600mg/kg may possess immunostimulatory effect¹⁴.

Immunostimulant Activity:

It was investigated that the immunostimulant activity of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis. In this study strong stimulation of antigen specific and non-specific immunity, as evidenced by increases in humoral and delayed type hypersensitivity response to sheep red blood cells and in the macrophage migration index, has been demonstrated in mice fed with 50% ethanolic extract of seeds, flowers and leaves of this plant. Maximum activity was found in the seeds in which the active principle appears to be mainly associated with lipids. The immunostimulant substances found in Nyctanthes arbor-tristis are likely to play a role in its antiamoebic, antileishmanial, antiviral and certain other activities¹⁵.

Phyto-Chemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity:

It was reported that the phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of five Indian medicinal plants against human pathogens. In this study, five selected Indian medicinal plants such as Andrograpis paniculata, Cassia alata, Cardiospermum halicacabum, Nyctanthes arbortristis and Solanum nigrum were analyzed for phytochemical constituents and tested for antibacterial activity against human pathogens. Methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform and aqueous extracts of leaf samples of all plants were evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Micrococcus luteus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by agar plate well diffusion method. All the plant extracts showed significant antibacterial activity against the tested organisms¹⁶.

Analgesic Activity:

It was reported that the analgesic activity of the leaves of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis in rodents. This study demonstrates the potential analgesic effect of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaf which supports the claim of traditional medicine practitioners¹⁷.

In Vitro Regeneration of Plant:

It was determined that the In vitro propagation of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. has been successfully established from axillary bud explants on MS. The maximum number of multiple shoots was obtained on MS containing BAP is 22.2µM. The plantlets were successfully hardened. Emergence of multiple shoot buds from axillary explants on MS supplemented with BAP was observed. Nodal explants were found to be the best source of multiple shoot induction¹⁸.

Anti-Inflammatory Activity:

It was reported that the anti-inflammatory activity of fruit of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis in rodents. Studies have shown that the fruit extract has activity to prevent inflammation in the rodents. The anti-inflammatory effect was dose dependent and found to be statistically significant as compared to the control¹⁹.

Antileishmanial Activity:

It was reported the in vitro antileishmanial activity of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis plant. We propose that Nyctanthes arbor-tristis may be considered as a prospective candidate to establish a better line of therapeutic process against visceral leishmaniasis. The results of this study contribute to the promotion of traditional medicine products and are preliminary for the isolation of new natural molecules for the treatment of leishmaniasis²⁰.

Anticonvulsant Activity:

It was investigate that the Anticonvulsant Activity of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis in Albino Mice. The anticonvulsant activity of ethanolic extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (200 and 400 mg/kg, P.O) was assessed in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and maximal electroshock (MES) induced convulsions in albino mice. Onset of convulsion, duration of convulsion, tonic extension phase, and mortality were noted in the present study. The results showed that ethanolic extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis possesses a significant dose dependent anticonvulsant activity²¹.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:

I would like to thanks all above authors for support and valuable advice.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The authors declare no conflict of interest to this review.

REFERENCES:

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Received on 25.05.2021 Modified on 05.11.2021

Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2022; 14(2):69-72.

DOI: 10.52711/0975-4385.2022.00014